Periodic table › Americium
Americium — Am
Actinoid · Group Actinoid (f-block) · Period 7
Open the 3D atom, orbital and crystal lab →1. Identity and classification
Dense, silvery, radioactive f-block metal that tarnishes rapidly in air
- Name and symbol
- Americium (Americium) · Am
- Atomic number
- 95
- Relative atomic weight / mass number
- [243]
- Group · period · block
- Actinoid (f-block) · 7 · f
- Category
- Actinoid
- State near room temperature
- Solid
- Stable isotopes
- No stable isotopes
- CAS number
- 7440-35-9
Square brackets [A] indicate a representative isotope mass number, not an average atomic weight. Neutron counts differ between isotopes.
2. Atomic structure and electron configuration
- Protons · electrons in a neutral atom
- 95 · 95
- Neutrons in reference isotope
- 148 (243Am)
- Full electron configuration
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 4f¹⁴ 5s² 5p⁶ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁶ 5f⁷ 7s²- Abbreviated configuration
[Rn]7s² 5f⁷- Electrons per shell
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 8, 2
- Listed oxidation states
- +6, +5, +4, +3
- Electronegativity
- 1.3 (Pauling)
- First ionization energy
- 578.237 kJ/mol · 5.993 eV
- Electron affinity
- Not established
- Covalent radius
- 180 pm
- van der Waals radius
- 244 pm
Configurations of superheavy elements may include theoretical predictions. Different definitions of atomic radius are not interchangeable.
3. Physical and thermal properties
- Density
- 13.69 g/cm³
- Melting point
- 1449 K · 1175.85 °C · 2148.53 °F
- Boiling point
- 2284 K · 2010.85 °C · 3651.53 °F
- Crystal structure
- Hexagonal
- Specific heat
- 0.11 J/(g·K)
- Thermal conductivity
- 10 W/(m·K)
- Enthalpy of fusion
- 14.39 kJ/mol
- Enthalpy of vaporization
- 238.5 kJ/mol
- Magnetic ordering
- Paramagnetic
- Mohs hardness
- Not established
- Speed of sound
- Not established
Density and structure depend on temperature, pressure and allotrope. 25°C is a room-temperature reference, not STP. Unestablished values are not zero.
4. Chemical behavior and compounds
The +3 state is common in this series, with important element-specific exceptions.
Selected compounds: AmO / Am₂O₃ (Oxide) · AmClₙ (Chloride) · AmFₙ (Fluoride)
Reaction reference
Many members oxidize in air; behavior depends on the element and oxidation state.
Water reactivity varies across this series and with surface conditions.
5. Isotopes
| Isotope | Status | Natural abundance | Half-life |
|---|---|---|---|
| 243Am | Radioactive | — | 7364 Y |
Half-life units: s seconds, m minutes, h hours, d days, Y years. A dash means no natural-abundance value is given, not zero. Listed records are selected ground states; metastable states are distinct.
6. Discovery and occurrence
- Discovery
- 1944 CE
- Scientists associated with discovery
- Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan & Albert Ghiorso
- Location
- USA (University of Chicago)
- Origin
- Synthetic
- Listed crustal abundance
- 0 ppm
Minerals and naming reference
Synthesized in nuclear reactors via plutonium neutron capture
Named from scientific/historical roots associated with Americium (Am), discovered or characterized by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan & Albert Ghiorso.
7. Applications
Americium-241 (²⁴¹Am) ionization smoke detectors in homes and buildings, industrial glass/metal thickness gauges
Detailed applications by field
- everyday
- Americium-241 (²⁴¹Am) ionization smoke detectors in homes and buildings, industrial glass/metal thickness gauges
- industry
- Used in actinoid processing, specialized alloys, and chemical manufacturing (Americium-241 (²⁴¹Am) ionization smoke detectors in homes and buildings, industrial glass/metal thickness gauges).
- electronics
- Applied in electronic components, semiconductors, or functional coatings where Americium's electronic structure ([Rn] 5f⁷ 7s²) provides target conductivity.
- medicine
- Restricted to controlled nuclear medicine or fundamental radiochemical research.
- energy
- Utilized in power generation, battery materials, catalysts, or nuclear technology involving Americium.
- aerospace
- High-performance materials, structural alloys, or space instrumentation utilizing Americium.
- agriculture
- Not used in agriculture due to radioactivity or heavy-metal toxicity.
- science
- Spectroscopic standard, crystallography, and quantum chemistry studies of Period 7 f-block elements.
8. Biological role and safety
Hazard depends on the isotope, chemical form, dose and exposure route.
Elemental substances, ions, compounds and radioisotopes can have different health effects. This is an educational reference; laboratory work requires the material safety data sheet and trained supervision.
Biological role reference
Classified as highly radioactive / synthetic in human and biological systems.